ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belonging to betacoronaviruses, on the basis of sequence analysis, mainly infects the lower respiratory tract in humans while symptoms remain milder than to those of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has surprised the world with its rapid spread and potential virulence by compromising personal safety and economic perspectives. Its clinical diagnosis is mainly based on epidemiologic history, clinical manifestations, and auxiliary examinations including nucleic acid detection, computed tomographic scan, and immune identification technology. However, atypical signs and symptoms in patients and discrepancies in the identification techniques have also become the reason for the spread of the virus. Genetic mutations by the virus or sensitivity/specificity of diagnostic tests are becoming a major issue to report COVID-19. This chapter thus details the available diagnostic tests and their mechanisms and limitations, and finally, the approaches to identify COVID-19 with valid precision are discussed. © 2022 Elsevier Inc.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To study the relationship of ABO blood group type and COVID -19 infection susceptibility in PAF hospital Mushaf, Sargodha Introduction: The novel corona virus disease COVID-19 has spread around the world rapidly and declared as a pandemic by WHO, which still continues to outrage. Virus is contagious and spreads and in severe cases can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, and even death. Viral infection and ABO blood groups are found to be associated from previous literature, as ABO blood group serve as receptor or co receptor for many viral and bacterial organisms. Methodology: Retrospective observational study in which 390 individuals including serving personnel, their dependents, retired and the civilians of all age groups and both genders residing in the premises of PAF Air Base Mushaf, Sargodha” who were tested positive for COVID screenings were included. Blood group was identified by laboratory testing. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Results: Initially screened 690 patients showed 390 were tested positive for COVID-19, blood group A+Ve, A–Ve and B+Ve were associated with higher risk for acquiring COVID-19 infection (P-value of <0.05), whereas blood group B-Ve, O+Ve, O-Ve, AB+Ve and AB-Ve has no association with COVID- 19 infection (Pvalue of >0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that among COVID-19 confirmed patients, patients with B+ blood group had high susceptibility while patients with AB- blood group has minimal susceptibility to COVID-19 patients. The application of these relationships in clinical practice requires more exploratory studies.